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Unit 1 Psychology研究生学术英语读写教程全套完整课件
Outline1. Text A• Descartes Was Wrong: “ A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons”2. Academic Reading Skills• Predicting Theme and Identifying Patterns and Structures3. Text B• The Impacts and Opportunities of Face Recognition Variability Outside the Lab4. Academic Writing Skills• Paraphrasing2
1. Text ADescartes Was Wrong: “ A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons”3
Author: Abeba BirhaneAbeba Birhane is pursuing a PhD in cognitive science at University College Dublin. She blogs regularly about embodied cognition and the enactive approach to cognitive science.https://aeon.co/users/abeba-birhane-24
Before You Read… 1. What is your opinion of the quotation “I think, therefore I am”?2. How do other people affect your self-perception?5Text A: Lead-in Questions
Sentence comprehension Theme and structure Comprehension questionsText A6
Sentence Translation1. Even my most private and personal reflections are entangled with the perspectives and voices of different people, be it those who agree with me, those who criticize, or those who praise me. (Para. 2) 即使是我最私密、最个人的思绪，也与不同人的观点和声音纠缠在一起，无论是那些赞同我的人，还是那些批评我的人，抑或是那些赞美我的人。Text A: Sentence comprehension7
Sentence Translation2. The 17th-century French philosopher believed that a human being was essentially self-contained and self-sufficient; an inherently rational, mind-bound subject, who ought to encounter the world outside her head with skepticism. (Para. 3)这位17世纪的法国哲学家认为，人类本质上是自给自足的; 生而理性、受其思想约束的个体，应该以怀疑的态度面对他头脑之外的世界。8Text A: Sentence comprehension
3. He wanted to find a stable point of view from which to look on the world without relying on God-decreed wisdoms; a place from which he could discern the permanent structures beneath the changeable phenomena of nature. But Descartes believed that there was a trade-off between certainty and a kind of social, worldly richness. (Para. 4) 他想要找到一种稳定的观点，而非上帝赐予的智慧，来观察这个世界；由此，他可以透过自然界中变幻莫测的现象分辨出永久性的结构。但笛卡尔认为，稳定性和来自社会的、世俗的多样性之间存在权衡关系。9Text A: Sentence comprehension
4. But even then, the investigation often presumes that a collective of Cartesian subjects are the real focus of the enquiry, not selves that co-evolve with others over time. (Para. 6) 但即便如此，调查也常常假设，探究的真正焦点是笛卡尔式议题的集合，而非随时间推移与他人共同进化的自我。10Text A: Sentence comprehension
Sentence Translation5. Genovese’s murder had to be seen against a backdrop in which violence against women was not taken seriously, Cherry said, and in which people were reluctant to step into what might have been a domestic dispute. (Para. 7) 彻利认为，凯迪·吉诺维斯谋杀案反映了当时的社会并不关注女性遭受的暴力困扰，人们也不愿介入一桩可能是家庭纠纷的暴力袭击中。11Text A: Sentence comprehension
6. Think of that luminous moment when a poet captures something you’d felt but had never articulated; or when you’d struggled to summarise your thoughts, but they crystallised in conversation with a friend. (Para. 8) 想一想那些醍醐灌顶的时刻：诗人捕捉到你所感受到的却从未表达过的东西；或者在与朋友交谈时你灵光一现，信口而出你曾难以总结、难以表达的一些想法。12Text A: Sentence comprehension
Sentence Translation7. By contrast, “dialogical” theories, brought to life in experiments such as Lisa Freund’s “doll house study” from 1990, emphasize interactions between the child and the adult who can provide ‘scaffolding’ for how she understands the world. (Para. 10) 相比之下，从1990年开始，对话理论才在丽莎·弗伦德的“玩偶屋研究”等一系列实验中得以呈现。该理论强调孩子和成年人之间的互动，认为成年人可以为孩子们了解世界提供“脚手架”。13Text A: Sentence comprehension
Sentence Translation8. Deprived of contact and interaction – the external perspective needed to consummate and sustain a coherent self-image – a person risks disappearing into non-existence. (Para. 11) 如果失去联系与交流这种完善和维持清晰自我形象的外部因素，人会面临失去自我的危险。14Text A: Sentence comprehension
Sentence Translation9. But for the most part, scientific psychology is only too willing to adopt individualistic Cartesian assumptions that cut away the webbing that ties the self to others. (Para. 12) 但是在大多数情况下，科学意义上的心理学非常乐意采用个人色彩浓厚的、切断了自我与他人相互联系的笛卡尔式假说。15Text A: Sentence comprehension
Title: Descartes Was Wrong: “A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons”Text A: Structure16Sections Paragraphs Main ideasSection 1 Paras. 1-2According to Ubuntu Philosophy, people acquire ‘selfhood’ through others. Section 2 Paras. 3-4Descartes held a disconcerting notion on “selfhood” and he believed in the self-sufficiency of human existence. Section 3 Paras. 5-7Some philosophers, influenced by this Cartesian philosophy, argue that selfhood can be detached from the social context. Specifically, some psychologists believe that the “by-stander effect” might stem from a “diffusion of responsibility”. However, some scholars argue that this effect was caused due to women’s low social status at the time, thereby lending support to the close associations between selfhood and social context. Section 4 Paras. 8-12Questions are raised by the author: Does selfhood come from within or without? And how can these two conflicting views be reconciled? Finally, based on the “child” and “prisoner” examples, the author reiterates his view that humans acquire selfhood via others.
Text A: ThemeThis article analyzes two contrasting philosophical systems on“selfhood”. One stems from Descartes’ view of “I think therefore Iam”, arguing that a human being is a self-sufficient creature, whoseexistence relies entirely upon the individual himself/herself, and isdetached from the external world; the other features the Ubuntuphilosophy which believes in a form of human existence that dependsupon interacting with other human beings and the outside world. Inresponse to these two competing philosophies, the author holds theview that the latter is more reasonable and persuasive.17
Referenced Keys to Task 1 (p. 7)1) purport2) wipe away3) contextual4) contour5) solitary6) scaffolding7) axiomatic8) inscribed18
Choose the statement that best summarizes thetheme of TextA.A. “Self”/ “other” distinction have a long-term influencein academia.B. Self-perception develops through impacts fromothers.C. Descartes was wrong, due to the “self”/ “other”distinction on selfhood.Referenced Keys to Task 2 (p. 7)19
Paragraphs 3-4 has explained that Descartes held adisconcerting notion on “selfhood” and he believed in theself-sufficiency of human existence.Paragraph 3 briefly introduces Descartes’ notion on“selfhood”, and then in Paragraph 4, the author contrastsone’s own cogito and other people/other things toillustrate Descartes’philosophy in detail.Referenced Keys to Task 3 (p. 8)20
2. Academic Reading SkillsIdentifying patterns and structures21
Predicting theme22Issue: As a beginner of doing research, youoccasionally feel frustrated when facing withtremendous documentations. You do not know how tooptimize your reading strategy for the purpose ofsaving time and increasing efficiency.
Practice: Who Does What ruleDescartes was wrong: ‘a person is a person through otherpersons’According to Ubuntu philosophy, which has its origins in ancientAfrica, a newborn baby is not a person. People are born without‘ena’, or selfhood, and instead must acquire it through interactionsand experiences over time. So the ‘self’/‘other’ distinction that’saxiomatic in Western philosophy is much blurrier in Ubuntuthought. As the Kenyan-born philosopher John Mbiti put it inAfrican Religions and Philosophy (1975): ‘I am because we are,and since we are, therefore I am.’23WhoDoesWhat
Practice: Who Does What rule24By scanning the title and the introduction in Text A, it can beinferred that the theme of the passage is that ____.A. the Cartesian notion of ‘I think therefore I am’ is perfectlyjustified.B. neither the Cartesian nor the Ubuntu philosophy is reasonable.C. the Cartesian philosophy makes more sense than the Ubuntu onegiven that the former finds its roots in the superior Western culture.D. the Ubuntu philosophy differs from the Cartesian one in that theformer doesn’t consider self-hood as inborn.
Identifying Patterns and Structures25Chronological SequenceAuthor can proceed with their writing in the order oftime. Look for time markers, such as “in 1989” and“last winter”, at the start of a sentence while perusingthe text. Longer time markers, usually in the form ofadverbial clauses, tend to be placed toward the end toavoid a top-heavy sentence structure. For instance,“The Chinese economy has soared since theintroduction of the epoch-making policy of reform andopening-up in 1978”. With those time markers, readerscan understand the chronological order of the articlebetter.
Identifying Patterns and Structures26Chronological SequenceFor example: Research spanning many decades has shownnutrients in the gastrointestinal tract can shape animals’ flavorpreferences. One of the earliest findings of this effect dates backto the 1960s, when Garvin Holman of the University ofWashington reported hungry rats preferred consuming a liquidpaired with food injected into the stomach rather than a solutioncoupled with a gastric infusion of water. More recently Ivan deAraujo, a neuroscientist at the Icahn School of Medicine atMount Sinai, and his colleagues have shown calories can trumppalatability: Their work has demonstrated mice preferconsuming bitter solutions paired with a sugar infusion injectedin the gut rather than a calorie-free sweet solution.
Identifying Patterns and Structures27Cause & EffectThis is fairly self-explanatory. Do beware of thetendency of the English language that places effectbefore cause, which is traceable to Aristoteliandeductive thought. This may explain why many Englishwriters will state the conclusion, the topic sentence, orthe effect first, and then provide the evidence, therationale, the cause and other subordinate information.
Identifying Patterns and St...